Platypus Essays - Monotremes, Sleep, Dream, Neurophysiology

Platypus The platypus, clearly, is a shockingly profound sleeper. In addition, it spends a greater amount of its time in alleged 'REM' rest than some other well evolved creature. These are the decisions of an examination on rest in the platypus by Jerry M. Siegel of the Sepulveda Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, North Hills, California and associates. Their report shows up in an uncommon number of Philosophical Exchanges of the Royal Society gave to the science of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), praising the bicentenary of the disclosure, in Australia, of this surprising creature. 'REM' means 'quick eye-development' and is the sort of rest in which the cerebrum can be more dynamic than in it is while wakeful, the creature jerks, and the eyelids glint ? henceforth the name. In people, REM rest is related with dreaming. Be that as it may, does the platypus have a remarkably rich dream life? Potentially not, state the specialists: felines, opossums, armadillos and different warm blooded animals not known for their scholarly accomplishments have unmistakably more REM rest, regardless of whether determined in hours of the day or as a level of all out rest time, than people. And why study rest in the platypus at any rate? All things considered, the platypus is a dark and very crude animal, remotely identified with people. The appropriate response lies in that crude state: contemplating the physiology of the platypus could yield pieces of information about the life and conduct of the soonest well evolved creatures. The platypus has a place with a gathering of warm blooded animals with very old roots. Aside from the platypus itself, the gathering ? the monotremes ? incorporates two types of echidna, or 'prickly insect eating animal'. Every one of the three animal categories are kept to Australasia. Monotremes lay eggs, similar to winged animals and reptiles, however in contrast to every single other warm blooded animal. They likewise have a scope of other reptile-like anatomical highlights, includes that have been lost in further developed well evolved creatures. Scientists imagine that monotremes have been unmistakable as a gathering for in any event 80 million years, well before the dinosaurs got wiped out. Monotremes have taken a appearance job in concentrates on the advancement of mammalian cerebrum work. An investigation in 1972 proposed that the echidna Tachyglossus had no REM rest. This was significant, in light of the fact that it suggested that REM rest more likely than not advanced in higher warm blooded animals. Ensuing exploration made this outcome look abnormal, as REM-like rest marvels have since been seen in flying creatures and a few reptiles: in which case, the echidna may have lost the limit some place in its development. This is the problem that Siegel and associates have been exploring. To start with, it turns out that the term 'REM' is a misnomer: creatures may show REM rest despite the fact that their eyes don't move, and their bodies don't jerk. REM is appropriately characterized as a trademark example of action in the mind, created by explicit neuronal pathways in the brainstem ? regardless of whether this action is conveyed advances into the 'higher' focuses of the mind (where it is showed as dreaming). Accounts from prudently embedded cathodes show that the echidna does, all things considered, show a sort of REM rest produced by the brainstem, even despite the fact that it is fairly quieted and the creature gives no outward indications. Youthful creatures show more REM rest than more established ones, and it may be the case that extremely youthful echidnas have a progressively dynamic resting life (counting jerking) than more established ones. The platypus, however, gives all the exemplary outward indications of REM rest. Undoubtedly, an account from as some time in the past as 1860, preceding REM rest was found, detailed that youthful platypus indicated 'swimming' developments of their forepaws while snoozing. In spite of these distinctions, the REM rest of the platypus and the echidna is limited to the brainstem: the forebrain shows the customary, consistent examples of neuronal movement related with profound, dreamless rest. This recommends for all their REM rest, monotremes don't dream. These discoveries set our comprehension of the development of rest on a firmer balance. It presently appears that the 'center' brainstem movement showed as REM rest has amazingly old roots, returning to the reptilian acnestors of warm blooded creatures just as winged animals. The elaboration of REM rest into the forebrain is a later development: however whether it advanced once and monotremes have since lost it, or on the off chance that it developed more than once, is something that solitary more work on winged creatures and reptiles can set up. The platypus, obviously, is a shockingly profound sleeper. In addition, it spends a greater amount of its time in supposed 'REM' rest than some other warm blooded creature. These are the decisions of an investigation on rest in the platypus by Jerry M. Siegel of the Sepulveda Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, North Hills, California and partners. Their report shows up

The Most Famous Wildfire Photograph Ever Taken

The Most Famous Wildfire Photograph Ever Taken Some consider the picture appeared, taken by an attentive wildland fireman, to be one of the most lovely photos of both wildfireâ and natural life taking asylum. The photoâ was taken on August 6,â 2000, by John McColgan who was a fire conduct master working under aâ cooperative concurrence with the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and appended to an Alaskan Type I Incident Management Team on a Montana wildfire.​ McColgan says he was at the ideal spot with his Kodak DC280 computerized camera when fire conditions and untamed life movement consolidated to make his picture. The pic was spared as simply one more picture record in the new kind of computerized camera.â McColgan completed his work for the BLM and came back to his home in Fairbanks, Alaska. He was unable to be found for quite a long time after one of those photos turned viral and spread rapidly over the Internet.â One of his elk and discharge depictions has quick gotten one of the most downloaded ecological photographs of untamed life and out of control fire on the Internet. Ransack Chaney, aâ reporter for the Montana Missoulianâ suggested that there were numerous reasons this photograph was so incredible. Here are a portion of the remarks reported:â Best darned elk photograph Ive ever seen.Best darned fire photograph Ive ever seen.Best darned photograph, period, Ive ever observed. From the Official Record The well known photograph was taken on a Sunday, in the late night where a few flames consumed together close to Sula, Montana (populace 37) and transformed into one huge 100,000-section of land out of control fire. McColgan coincidentally was remaining on an extension crossing the East Fork of the Bitterroot Riverâ in the Sula Complex of the Bitterroot National Forestâ in the state of Montana where he took what is presently called his elk shower advanced Image. McColgan was utilized by the Alaska Fire administration and was on credit to Montana and going about as a specialist on fierce blaze conduct. McColgan coincidentally was an agreement fire expert with another camera and took computerized pictures of two elk who got away from the fire by swimming in the Bitterroot River. No biggie. As a characteristic asset proficient, McColgan comprehended both out of control fire and wildlife. When got some information about the elk, he guaranteed that they realize where to go, where their sheltered zones are...a parcel of untamed life got driven down there to the waterway. There were some bighorn sheep there. A little deer was standing right underneath me, under the scaffold. McColgan finished his task and left for home. The Search for McColgan The advanced picture he took was sent starting with one individual then onto the next individual and as indicated by the Montana Missoulian inside around 24 hours the elk photograph had around the world webbed its way over the West. For about seven days now, theres been a medium-size manhunt in progress over the West. The man everyones been chasing for is John McColgan of Fairbanks. The Nation and the World were sending messages and making calls for quite a long time to discover exactly who took the pictures of the rapidly spreading fire and untamed life. It was the newspaper Missoulian in Montana who at long last tackled the riddle and followed McColgan down. He had in reality been in Montana and was presently in Fairbanks going to the introduction of his child, where the paper at long last discovered him and where he told columnist Rob Chaney that he had snapped the photo. I coincidentally was in the perfect spot at the privilege time. McColgan affirmed that he had been in fire security forâ yearsâ and that this specific fire positioned in the top threeâ extreme fire behaviorâ events he had ever seen.â Burglarize Chaney because of the photograph composed that numerous individuals have never at any point seen an elk. The majority of the individuals who have, even those whove seen a great many them, never get the opportunity to see a picture this way. The vast majority dont get the chance to see a fire this way, either. On account of McColgan and Rob Chaney, a great many individuals have seen this shocking picture. McColgans picture circulated around the web and inevitably was picked as a Time Magazine top choice.

How to Choose Argument Essay Topics

How to Choose Argument Essay TopicsArgument essays are written to persuade readers to accept the thesis of the argument. Persuasion and argument essay topics can be quite interesting if you know what you're doing. You can use persuasive speech writing in order to persuade your audience.Persuasion can take many forms. It could be an assertion, a statement, a question, a request, or an invitation. Each of these forms of persuasion can be used in an essay. However, a well-crafted essay will always have a theme or overarching theme that will compel the reader to accept the writer's arguments.Argument essay topics can vary from topic to topic and even argument to argument. These essay topics should be chosen based on what the essay is trying to accomplish. If the essay is trying to argue that the topic or argument in question is important, the topic or argument must be a vital aspect of the argument.Once the argument has been selected, the writer can then begin to construct the thesis sta tement. The thesis statement can be the central point of the essay. This statement will be the driving force for the entire essay.After the thesis statement has been constructed, the essay will then need to be structured in such a way that it can support its thesis statement. The next element of the structure of an argument essay is the supporting argument. This is the supporting material or evidence that helps to bolster the thesis statement.Supporting material will often come in the form of quotations, claims made by the author or by other authors, and opinions of other writers. The amount of supporting material will vary according to the essay topic, the writer's expertise, and the state of the arguments. The supporting argument will not always be the final word on the topic being discussed.Finally, the conclusion must be carefully structured. Once the thesis statement has been established, the writer can then set out to draw conclusions. There is no more powerful single word tha t can influence an audience than the word 'conclusion'.Essay topics should be chosen with care and taken very seriously. It will be important that the writer meets the intended audience. If the essay is to persuade the audience then the essay must contain persuasive and argumentative themes.

Children With Parents From Different Countries May...

Asia Passmore Mr. Nelson DP Lit Jan 6 Barriers Children with parents from different countries may experience conflict within their household based upon barriers. Such as Language barriers and cultural barriers. Especially in this case conflict is happening between mothers and daughters. Women from second and third world countries have a different mindset than women raised in a first world country like America. Like the mothers in Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club who were born and raised in china with chinese thinking and chinese ways, unlike their American raised daughters. Cultural conflict and intergenerational conflict is apparent but it is also shown how despite that Tan†¦show more content†¦Jing mei is what most call Americanized being raised in the states she grew up with more opportunities to make her own decisions people influencing her to become what is known as independent. As it goes on she also feels like she is disappointing her mother every day she believes her mom has given up all hope .†Even wo rse, I asked her what frightened me the most why had she given up hope?†(Tan 143). While thinking of the jade pendent her mother gave her Jing Mei recalls the memory of when she realized her mother truly loved, and wanted the best for her it was Chinese New Year after the dinner she had with the other members of Joy Luck. During dinner Jing mei tries to grab the crab with the missing leg for herself she also gets Insulted by Waverly Jong completely embarrassing her in front of everyone at the table. After dinner her mother tries to cheer her up she points out that Jing Mei is different â€Å"Only you pick that crab. Nobody else take it i already know this. Everybody else want best quality. You thinking different. (Tan 208) Jing Mei does not see the best quality, she doesn t see the best quality in the crab, and she never saw it in herself she usually thought of herself as a failure. Suyuan notices this about Jing and she thinks it’s good that she isn t generic like Wa verly. Despite Jing Mei spending most of her childhood blaming her mother for the way she is, Suyuan still loves her and after awhileShow MoreRelatedFamily Violence Is Systems Theory1181 Words   |  5 Pagesbecome patterned behavior† (Sutphin, McDonough, Schrenkel, 2013) Every family member that is within this family are characterized as subsystems. The main sub-systems are parent-parent, parent-child, and child-child. In most cases, what happens in the parent-parent relationship impacts both the parent-child relationship and the child-child relationship. A type of violence that can occur between the parent and parent relationship is domestic violence. Domestic violence refers to â€Å"a pattern of abusive behaviorRead MoreFamily Formation And Structure Of The Nuclear Family1457 Words   |  6 Pagesfamily can greatly differ from another. The ideology of the nuclear family shape clashed with my family’s more extended and traditional family structure, and upon arriv al to the United States from Korea, initially resulted in opaque gendered behavior and thinking along with muddled male and female constructs. As the family’s stay continued, the idea and shape of the nuclear family began to whittle away at my grandparents’ and father’s initial ideals, albeit at a different pace. As a result of my grandparentsRead MoreThe Amish, Society and Culture1535 Words   |  7 Pagesa mother, father with an average of 7 children. Their grandparents play a vital part of the family because once they pass; the children inherit their land, property and wisdom. The father of the family is the bread winner (Providing the family with money, food and shelter). Many Amish men seek jobs in areas such as - Bakery - Furniture shop - Saw Mill - Engine Repair ship - Dry goods store etc. The mother in the family is in charge of running the household; she is in charge of the cooking and theRead MoreMany scholars have written about the particularly intimate connection between food and family1400 Words   |  6 Pagessuccessfully passed down to the younger generations in America. Thus, the connection is implied to be a â€Å"transplanted† cultural trait. However, when viewed in light of the social changes in America, this bond was inevitably affected by the Italians’ experiences in America. Italian-American food culture was a tradition shaped by changes outside and inside the family. An examination of the Italian-American family of the interwar years (c.1919-1940) demonstrates that the critical role food came to play inRead MoreTHEORIES AND BEHAVIOURIAL DYNAMICS ïÆ'Ëœ Autonomy in carrying out a job Talk about any job or any1100 Words   |  5 PagesTHEORIES AND BEHAVIOURIAL DYNAMICS ïÆ'Ëœ Autonomy in carrying out a job Talk about any job or any country, people are always concerned about motivation and they struggle at their workplace. People are often moved by external factors such as reward systems, grades, evaluations, or the opinions they fear others might have of them. Yet just as frequently, people are motivated from within, by interests, curiosity, care or abiding values. It is more of an Autonomous motivation which is personally importantRead MoreDomestic Violence and Children1640 Words   |  7 Pagesthat is a dangerous crime against children • Endangerment • Threatening or intimidating act • Assault • Custodial interference • Unlawful imprisonment or kidnaping • Criminal trespass • Harassment or stalking • Child or vulnerable adult abuse Persons Included in Definition: • A spouse or former spouse • Persons residing or having resided in the same household • Persons having a child in common • A party who is pregnant by the other party • A parent, grandparent, grandchild, stepchildRead MoreEssay about Social Stratification 1554 Words   |  7 Pagesstratification which â€Å"refers to the division of the population of a society into strata arranged in a hierarchy† (Aspin, Lois J., 1996: page 39) Sociologists study the social world through paradigms, which are theoretical frameworks such as functionalism and conflict theory. The way that they view society is through these paradigms in which they evaluate the life chances that individuals get throughout their life. Life chances are defined as â€Å"the chances an individual has in sharing in the economic, social andRead MoreWhile The Rate Of Divorce Has Rapidly Increased In Recent1659 Words   |  7 Pageshave children and divorce is an impactful event that can cause life lasting effects on children. The effects that divorce has on children can cause serious psychological issues that may form and develop over time from toddlers into the adolescent stage of their lives. The divorce itself does not affect children in a negative way. The effects result more often from the feeling of uncertainty of what is going to happen after the divorce, from the level of conflict between the parents and from how theRead MoreThe Chinese American Identity By Fae Myenne Ng1639 Words   |  7 Pagesbelong to very different worlds. The sisters deal with the struggles of assimilation as they grow up in the seclusive community of Chinatown only to live in an American world. The family life of the Leong household also experiences problems involving factors other than the clash between their cultures. In the novel, the economic struggles within the Chinese-American community are revealed. Due to discrimination, the Leong family stays in a Chinatown in San Francisco so that they may live safely inRead MoreSocial Studies Csec Study Guide10262 Words   |  42 Pagesresources 2: education, sports and culture 74 4.8 Employment, unemployment and under-employment 76 4.9 Preparation for the world of work 78 Unit 4 Practice exam questions 80 LE 1.5 2 4 56 58 60 10 12 14 16 P 1.4 The family What is a family? Different family types and unions Roles, relationships and responsibilities in the family 1 Roles, relationships and responsibilities in the family 2 Changing roles in the contemporary Caribbean family The results of changing roles in the Caribbean family

Little Alice Adventures Of Self Identity - 1300 Words

â€Å"Little Alice†: Adventures in Self-Identity By examining Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, it is evident that this bildungsroman novel aims to educate child and adult readers alike on finding one’s identity. A common motif found in the bildungsroman genre is the maturation of a single protagonist, who undergoes moral development through experiential learning. As Alice happens upon the inciting incident of entering Wonderland, her naivety and childlike sensibility is tested. Wonderland acts as a realm of transformation, where the logic of her childhood reality is of no use. It is once Alice’s logic fails her, that she embarks on a journey of introspection. The Mad Tea Party functions as a climatic point in Alice’s formation of her identity. In the ensuing chapters, Alice grows from an immature seven-year-old to a young girl who possesses a sense of autonomy and self-identity. She understands the value of communication, self-control, and the necessity to adapt as she maneuvers h er way through episodic challenges. Initially, Alice is depicted at her most immature and naà ¯ve stage of development. It is early on in the novel, where she is first described as â€Å"Little Alice†. This emphasizes her child-centered perspective within the larger adult world. As Alice’s journey begins, she is inexperienced and ill equipped. This is evident in her encounter with the â€Å"Drink Me† bottle at the bottom of the rabbit hole. Alice uses the logic she would use outside Wonderland toShow MoreRelatedThe Theme Of Identity And Identity Crisis In Alices Adventures In Wonderland1138 Words   |  5 PagesLewis Carroll captured the hearts of both adolescents and adults when he crafted the novel Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. 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In the novel, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, Alice falls into the curious world of Wonderland. Alice assuages and manages inter-conflicts, such as her identity. Through the confusion, experimentation, and uncertainties of the Wonderland between childhood and adulthood Alice realizes in her unconscious state that she is changing from simple child into a young woman. Although the novel is notorious for its satire and parodies, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland mainRead MoreAlice in Wonderland889 Words   |  4 Pagesin Alice’s Identity Crisis Lewis Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland follows the story of young Alice trapped in the world of Wonderland after falling down through a rabbit-hole. The rabbit-hole which is filled with bookshelves, maps, and other objects foreshadows the set of rules, the ones Alice is normally accustomed to, will be defied in Wonderland. This conflict between her world and Wonderland becomes evident shortly after her arrival as evinced by chaos in â€Å"Pool of Tears† and Alice brings up theRead MoreThe Novel Alice s Adventures, Alice Falls Asleep And Into The Curious World Of Wonderland2634 Words   |  11 PagesVictorian girl named Alice. In the novel Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, Alice falls asleep and into the curious world of Wonderland. Alice assuages and manages inter-conflicts, such as her identity. Through the confusion, experimentation, and uncertainties of Wonderland between childhood and adulthood Alice realizes in her unconscious state that she is changing from simple child into a young woman. Although the novel is notorious for its satire and parodies, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland mainRead MoreLewis Carroll s Hidden Presence Of Puberty1540 Words   |  7 PagesLewis Carroll’s Hidden Presence of Puberty The transformations that Alice experiences throughout Lewis Carroll’s, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, display the metaphorical change the protagonist goes through from the stage of childhood to adulthood and the continued struggle to understand her identity. These changes are experienced after Alice follows a white rabbit down his hole and into an incredible world known as Wonderland. This place, although completely fictitious, represents an alternateRead MoreHow Do Travelers Construct Their Own Identity As They Travel? Essay2140 Words   |  9 Pagestravelers construct their own identity as they travel? ‘â€Å"Who are you?† said the Caterpillar.’ (Carroll 1998: 40). Identity is explored extensively throughout Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and Amos Tutuola’s The Palm-Wine Drinkard (1952). Both protagonists embark on a journey that questions their inner self; through the distortion of characters, time and plot. Transformations allow each protagonist to distort their own identity and gain self-awareness as they travel. BothRead MoreAlice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass1929 Words   |  8 PagesLewis Carroll wrote â€Å"Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland† and a follow up novel â€Å"Through the Looking Glass†. Lewis was born on the 27th of January, 1832 under the name Charles Lutwidge Dodgson. He is most famous for his writing style of lyrical nonsense in his works. â€Å"In 1856 Carroll met Alice Liddell, the four-year-old daughter of the head of Christ Church. During the next few years Carroll often made up stories for Alice and her sisters. In July 1862, while on a picnic with the Liddell girlsRead MoreThe Fall Down The Rabbit Hole3326 Words   |  14 PagesThe Fall Down the Rabbit Hole Seven-year-old Alice s curiosity leads her to follow a white rabbit down a hole into Wonderland, a magical realm permeated by nonsense and irrationality. Alice s Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll tells of the escapades of a bored, curious, and innocent young girl as she ventures into Wonderland, a world made up entirely by her imagination. Madness and rudeness govern the kingdom. During her journey, Alice faces one of the most difficult struggles in adolescence:

Child Protective Services And Foster Care - 1570 Words

A child living in the 21st century is no stranger to poverty and the desperate lifestyles it promotes. Too often the case, children, living in families with incomes below the nation’s poverty line, are limited to criminal activities, low-level education, and blue-collar employment. Furthermore, years of economic strife in the United States have invited a cycle of poverty to predetermine the lives of children in poverty-stricken families, where they are raised with insufficient care and inadequate resources in unstable environments. Not that it is in any way the fault of the parents, whose financial situation isn’t always an accurate reflection of their parental capability, the government’s assumes the responsibility of removing children†¦show more content†¦In accordance to Dorothy Roberts, professor of Law and Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania, Foster Care â€Å"addresses family economic deprivation with child removal rather than services a nd financial resources.† Moreover, the activities of the Foster Care system, despite it being a vital component of the nation’s child welfare systems, offers a temporary solution to treat the cycle of poverty, removing children, like one would in the case of an earthquake, away from the vicinity, except in this case it’s their homes and families. This is done when the providing of â€Å"services and financial resources† would do more than suffice, and as a result â€Å"one-third of children in foster care are black, despite black children making up only 15 percent of the nation s children.†(Roberts) In addition to this, the racial imbalance present in the child welfare system feeds off the notion that children with African-American parents are more at risk than children with white parents. A study done by PBS showed that in Chicago â€Å"95 percent of children in foster care are black.,† and in 1997, New York City s foster care system had â⠂¬Å"only 1,300† white children, with black children â€Å"10 times as likely as white children to be in state protective custody.†(Roberts) â€Å"black children in the child welfare system are placed in foster care at twice the rate for white children.,† and a national study of child protective

Electronic Bill Payment System Internal Entities

Question: Discuss about the Electronic Bill Payment System for Internal Entities. Answer: 1. EBP stands for electronic bill payment system and EBPP stands for electronic bill presentment and payment system. As the name suggest the former offer a system of payment of bills electronically whereas the later offer dual system of delivering the bill to the respective customers via electronic mode and also supports the payment of those bills electronically. The EBPP system offers delivery of bill over the email along with a link which on clicking would direct the payer directly to the payment site thus ensuring immediate payment without much of a hassle. This system also let goes of the concept of maintaining bills in hard copy thus saving upon the paper as well as reducing the burden of keeping the papers safely. Further bills can be easy accessible from any part of the world by a simple login to ones own email id. However EBP just provides an electronic medium for making payments but ensures that the bills are to be received in hard copy. However two systems are quite similar in certain aspects. Both the systems offer payment of bills via the internet or other electronic modes wherein money is directly deposited and payment is made through a payment system which is nationally accredited. Both the systems offer easy payment options thus reducing the burden of going to the payment desk physically, standing in the long queues for making payments. The major difference which lies between these two systems is that of receipt of bills. The EBP system does not offer the facility of receiving bills online which is available in the EBPP system. In todays world most of the larger MNCs have shifted their base from only EBP system to EBPP system as it offers better acceptability amongst its customers. Also the EBPP system follows the concept of Go Green thus reducing paper work and shifting towards a paperless platform (Stefanadis, 2002,). 2. As per the third normal form, it is very clear that the university works in a very simple manner. The entity relationship diagram that is portrayed shows a clear representation of the linkage between the student, courses applied and the instructor for the respective courses. These three are inseparable components for any university. A student is the most important entity wherein each student is given a unique number for identification purposes. A students table mainly captures name, a unique roll no allocated, address, the courses he or she has applied for and the respective instructor for that course and lastly the grade that the student acquires. Amongst the same, course is another important component which has a course number to which each student is linked depending upon the course it enrols for. Thus there is a many to one relationship in this instance where many students are linked to one particular course. Each course has an instructor allocated. With regards a university this is a weak key. Therefore it is very clear that in this context the basic reference lies with the number of students, the courses they have enrolled for and the grade that they have achieved in each course enrolled. Thus the university basically works keeping the students and the courses they enrol for as the primary constituents and the instructors are viewed basically as someone who overviews the students with regards the courses they have applied for(Beal, 2012). 3(a) The transfer of data amongst the entity, the process within the entity and the storage system of the data is defined as data flow and a data flow diagram distinctly shows the various tasks that are required to be performed as well as the information that is needed so as to enable performance. However the idea of internal entities should be within the organization and the external entities should be outside the organization given by my colleague is partially correct. An organization cannot flourish by working within some set boundaries. There has to be an uninterrupted interaction amongst the internal and external entities. Internal entities are those who are employed by an organization and external entities are those who are not on the payrolls of an organization (Donald, 2000). The external entity comprises of the creditors, investors, tax officials and the customers. They cannot be kept secluded in total from the organization as they would want to enter into a relationship with the organization only if they are given access to the basic accounting information required for making decisions else they would not be wary of the situations existing within an organization, hence nobody would want to be attached with such an organization (Epstein, Buhovac 2006). They would need access of organizations performance indicators so that investment decisions can be taken, the creditors can grant them better credit period and the tax authorities can ensure that the organization is not in default. Similarly the internal entities should also have a fair idea about the external entities and the environment outside the organization else they would not be aware of the conditions and the requirements of the outside environment. To have a knowledge with regards the various pro nouncements made by the government, the requirement of the customer, their tastes and choices as well as the financing requirements can be fulfilled only if the internal entities interact clearly and explicitly with the external factors. Thus both are inter-related to some extent and to some extent the privacy is also required to be maintained. 3(b) My colleague is correct to some extent. Internal entities are the people who are within the business organization like the employees, board of directors. External entities are those entities outside the organization who are impacted upon the performance of the organization. For example the employees of an organization , expecting them to work within the organization itself without any kind of communication with the external forces may lead to situations wherein the employees may become outdated and aloof to the outside environment. Each employee has to be keep itself updated with the changing requirements and the needs of the customers and the prospect investors. This knowledge base will enable them to give inputs to the organization to improvise upon their current work habits. Similarly if the prospect investor are kept far off from the organizations internal data then they would be reluctant enough to invest. This would lead to a reputational issue as well and company may end up loosing its present investors as well. Therefore on the basis of the above references it is clear that the statement made by my colleague is not acceptable ad verbatim. References: Beal, V., 2012, entity-relationship diagram (model), viewed on 03rd August 2016, https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/entity_relationship_diagram.html Donald, S.L.V., 2000, Understanding Data Flow Diagrams, viewed on 02nd Aug 2016, https://ratandon.mysite.syr.edu/cis453/notes/DFD_over_Flowcharts.pdf Epstein, M., Buhovac, A.R., 2006, The reporting of Organizational Risks for Internal and External Decision-Making, AICPA: Canada Stefanadis, C., 2002, Why Hasnt Electronic Bill Presentment and Payment taken off?, Current Issues in Economics and Finance, vol.8, no.7